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Mystified About MIPI? Let Us MIPIfy You! – Part 3

Monday, November 21st, 2011

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Jump to Part 2

When it comes to selecting IP, the biggest concerns of design engineers are interoperability (will IP from one vendor work with IP from another), ease of integration, and the quality and reliability of the resulting system.

So who should you turn to for your MIPI IP? The answer is Arasan (www.arasan.com), which provides a total MIPI IP solution. We are deep domain experts who have been with the MIPI Alliance since its inception and who were the first to demonstrate working MIPI solutions. All of the MIPI board members are our customers, as are many of the 200+ contributing members.

Figure 3. Arasan offers a total MIPI IP solution.

As a simple example, consider the CSI-2 and DSI interfaces shown in Figure 1. Some IP vendors supply the CSI-2 transmitter, some supply the CSI-2 receiver and a few supply both; similarly for the DSI device and host controllers. But no single IP vendor has all of these cores… except for Arasan.

Actually, the real-world situation is even more complex, because some IP vendors supply only the digital portions of the IP, leaving their customers to source the D-PHY IP from another vendor. In fact, some IP vendors supply only the D-PHY and/or M-PHY, but have no deep understanding with regard to the digital portions of the interfaces. The problem is that, as was noted in the discussions associated with Figure 1, the digital IP blocks communicate with the D-PHY using the PPI (PHY Protocol Interface), but this interface is only optional and is subject to interpretation; suffice it to say that the end result may not be pretty.

Arasan can supply both the digital IP and the analog PHY for any existing MIPI standard, including CSI-2, DSI, SLIMbus, and HSI, along with the D-PHY and M-PHY. But there’s more to IP than RTL (for the digital portions) and GSDII (for the analog blocks). When we say that Arasan provides a total MIPI IP solution, we mean that we supply RTL (GDSII where applicable), ESL (Behavioral) and Transaction-Level Models (TLMs), Verification IP (VIP), software drivers and stacks, reference designs, and full hardware development kits (HDKs) and platforms.

And, as domain experts, in addition to the MIPI IP itself, we also offer consultation services with regard to alternative architectural scenarios such as the optimum number of lanes to use for a particular application. Furthermore, we provide unparalleled support direct from the engineers who develop our IP, which means you simply cannot ask our engineers something about the IP that they don’t know.

Another consideration is the quality of the verification IP (VIP) that accompanies the main IP cores. IP vendors typically create both the IP cores and the corresponding VIP. One potential problem is that the interface specifications aren’t always 100% comprehensive. The result is that it’s possible to introduce a non-standard interpretation of a corner case condition (possibly even a full-up error) into the IP and to then create VIP that tests for the incorrect implementation.In order to address this issue, although we create and ship our own VIP, we use VIP from other leading vendors to double-check our IP.

Summary

The MIPI suite of interfaces – coupled with the D-PHY and M-PHY physical layers – help designers of mobile and consumer products to reduce cost, complexity, power consumption, and EMI while increasing bandwidth and performance. MIPI addresses all of the subsystems found in mobile and consumer products, including graphics (cameras and displays), audio, radio, control, storage, and power management.

Arasan can supply a total MIPI IP solution for any existing MIPI standard, including digital IP, analog/PHY IP, verification IP (VIP), software stacks and drivers, hardware development kits, and… the list goes on. In addition to offering consultation services with regard to alternative architectural scenarios and customization, Arasan also provides unparalleled support direct from the engineers who develop our IP.

We are deep domain experts who have been with the MIPI Alliance since its inception and who were the first to demonstrate working MIPI solutions. All of the MIPI board members are our customers, as are many of the 200+ contributing members. The quality of our total MIPI IP solution, coupled with the fact that Arasan can supply a total MIPI IP solution for any existing MIPI standard, explains why Arasan is the MIPI IP vendor of choice. Call Arasan today and let us MIPIfy you!

Please visit www.mipi.org for further information on MIPI in general.

Please visit www.arasan.com for further information on Arasan’s total MIPI IP solutions.

**  End of Article **

Prakash Kamath is the Vice President of Engineering at Arasan Chip Systems (www.arasan.com). Responsible for almost 200 engineers worldwide, Prakash has 29 years of extensive Design and Management experience. Prakash has successfully contributed to establishing Arasan’s “Total IP Solution” and has been instrumental in achieving Arasan’s leadership position with regard to Solid-State Storage and MIPI IP solutions. Prior to joining Arasan in 2002, Prakash has held several design and management positions in companies like AMD, National, and Chips & Technologies. Prakash holds a BS degree from the University of Madras, India, and an MS degree from the University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.

 

**  End of Part 2 **

Prakash Kamath is the Vice President of Engineering at Arasan Chip Systems (www.arasan.com). Responsible for almost 200 engineers worldwide, Prakash has 29 years of extensive Design and Management experience. Prakash has successfully contributed to establishing Arasan’s “Total IP Solution” and has been instrumental in achieving Arasan’s leadership position with regard to Solid-State Storage and MIPI IP solutions. Prior to joining Arasan in 2002, Prakash has held several design and management positions in companies like AMD, National, and Chips & Technologies. Prakash holds a BS degree from the University of Madras, India, and an MS degree from the University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.

Mystified About MIPI? Let Us MIPIfy You! – Part 2

Wednesday, November 9th, 2011

Jump to Part 1

CSI-2, DSI, and the D-PHY

There are so many aspects to MIPI that it can be difficult for newcomers to take everything in, so let’s start with the Camera Serial Interface (CSI) and the Display Serial Interface (DSI). Currently in deployment, CSI-2 and DSI each require a maximum of six signals depending on the number of lanes used by the designer. Also, as illustrated in Figure 1, CSI-2 and DSI both share a common PHY (physical interface) known as the D-PHY, which is designed so as to offer high-speed with low power consumption and low EMI.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 1. A high-level view of a product utilizing CSI-2 and DSI.

In particular, observe the way in which the PHY Protocol Interface (PPI) is used to communicate between the D-PHY and the higher-level protocols. We will return this interface later in this article when we come to discuss the various things design teams have to consider when selecting MIPI IP from different IP vendors.

It’s important to note that different systems may perform processing tasks in different ways. Consider the camera sensor, for example. Some sensors deliver their captured data raw directly to the application processor/SoC, leaving it to perform any required post-processing. Other camera sensors may pre-process the captured data and then hand the result over to the application processor/SoC. The CSI-2 interface can handle all such use cases.

Also of interest is the fact that even though they transport data in a serialized form, both CSI-2 and DSI maintain any real-time information associated with the data stream; for example the DSI will include event data such as V-Sync and H-Sync information.

Two other MIPI standards that are currently in deployment and that deserve mention are SLIMbus (Serial Low-power Inter-chip Media Bus) and HSI (High-speed Synchronous Serial Interface). SLIMbus is a low-power, low-speed peripheral bus that supports multiple clock/sample rates and is used to handle things like control signals and audio channels. SLIMbus can be used to replace existing I2C and I2S interfaces while offering more features and requiring the same or less power than the two combined. Meanwhile, HSI is a general-purpose interface that offers intermediate bandwidth capabilities between SLIMbus and the CSI-2 and DSI interfaces.

 

Emerging M-PHY-based MIPI Protocols

As discussed above, the original MIPI physical layer was the D-PHY, but the industry is starting to transition to a next-generation physical layer called the M-PHY. Both of these PHYs offer either high-speed or low-power signaling. The M-PHY uses fewer pins, but offers more options and flexibility and faster signaling, scaling up to 6 GB/sec. In the same way that CSI-2 and DSI conceptually “ride on top” of the D-PHY, a variety of high-level protocols share the M-PHY as illustrated in Figure 2.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 2. A high-level view of emerging M-PHY-based protocols.

The Unified Protocol (UniPro) specification defines a layered protocol for interconnecting devices and components within mobile and consumer electronic systems. It is applicable to a wide range of component types including application processors, co-processors, and modems, as well as different types of data traffic including control messages, bulk data transfer, and packetized streaming.

The UFS (Universal Flash Storage) interface provides a simple standard interface aimed at the non-volatile memories (NVMs) that are used in mobile and consumer devices.UFS is a JEDEC standard that uses MIPI standards as a subset for the lower level protocols.

The CSI-3 and DSI-2 protocols are the next-generation versions of the currently deployed CSI-2 and DSI protocols, respectively. These new versions support the higher bandwidths and resolutions that will be required by emerging products, including 3D cameras and displays.

Also of interest is the LLI (Low Latency Interface), which provides low latency chip-to-chip communications. Meanwhile, the low-power, high-speed DigRFv4 interface can be used to link the application processor/SoC to the baseband IC and the baseband IC to the RF IC.  Furthermore, the SSIC (SuperSpeedInterChip) specification, which is being developed in collaboration between the USB 3.0 group and the MIPI Alliance, will provide USB 3.0 speeds with fewer pins and less power, and will also allow reuse of existing USB drivers (this interface is currently under definition).

MIPI is Poised for Exponential Growth

Although the MIPI Alliance was formed eight years ago at the time of this writing, defining standards of this level of sophistication requires substantial amounts of time and effort. Thus, the works of the MIPI Alliance have only recently begun to come to fruition. However, in the same way that a snowball rolling downhill gathers size and momentum, the “MIPI snowball” has now started to roll!

According to IP Nest (www.ip-nest.com), MIPI is expected to reach 100% penetration in smartphones by 2013. And MIPI is no longer of interest only in the mobile market. MIPI has the potential to become the standard across the whole consumer product domain – anywhere where there’s a processor and a bunch of peripheral devices. In fact, according to InStat (www.instat.com), MIPI will have achieved 70% penetration in all forms of electronic consumer and computing devices by 2016.

**  End of Part 2 **

Jump to Part 3

Prakash Kamath is the Vice President of Engineering at Arasan Chip Systems (www.arasan.com). Responsible for almost 200 engineers worldwide, Prakash has 29 years of extensive Design and Management experience. Prakash has successfully contributed to establishing Arasan’s “Total IP Solution” and has been instrumental in achieving Arasan’s leadership position with regard to Solid-State Storage and MIPI IP solutions. Prior to joining Arasan in 2002, Prakash has held several design and management positions in companies like AMD, National, and Chips & Technologies. Prakash holds a BS degree from the University of Madras, India, and an MS degree from the University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.

 




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