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Many of today’s intelligent system management designs must constantly monitor several voltage rails and take appropriate action when certain conditions exist. For this reason, these applications need accuracy levels better than one percent. When such a need exists, the accuracy offered by most analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) is not sufficient. In principle, the operation of an ADC is very simple. Given an analog input, it provides an accurate output value in digital format. However, in reality, the accuracy of the output voltage is subject to a number of factors, including gain and offset errors from the ADC and from other components.
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