Preface                                            iii
    1  Soil                                          1  
      Origin and Geologic Properties                 1  
      Soil Composition and Properties                3  
      Soil Classification                            17 
      Soil-Water Interaction                         20 
      Soil Compressibility                           32 
      Soil Strength                                  35 
      Soil Improvement                               41 
      Problems                                       49 
      References                                     50 
    2  Mineral Aggregates                            51 
      Aggregate Types and Processing                 51 
      Aggregate as a Base-Course Material            55 
      Aggregates for Portland Cement Concrete        56 
      Aggregates for Bituminous Mixtures             61 
      Aggregate Beneficiation                        62 
      ASTM Test Specifications for Aggregates        63 
      Problems                                       75 
      References                                     75 
    3  Cements                                       77 
      Lime                                           77 
      Natural Cements                                80 
      Portland Cements                               81 
      Portland-Pozzolan Cements                      90 
      Portland Blast-Furnace-Slag Cement             92 
      Alumina Cements                                92 
      Expansive Cements                              93 
      Special Portland Cements                       93 
      Problems                                       94 
      References                                     94 
    4  Concrete: Strength and Behavior               95 
      Introduction                                   95 
      Uniaxial Behavior                              95 
      Biaxial Behavior                               105
      Creep                                          106
      Shrinkage                                      107
      Fatigue                                        110
      Bond Strength                                  111
      Shearing and Torsional Strengths               114
      Durability                                     114
      Problems                                       124
      References                                     125
    5  Design Procedure in Making Concrete           127
      Concrete Materials                             127
      Principal Requirements for Concrete            128
      Influences of Ingredients on Properties of     129
      Concrete
      Proportioning Concrete Mixes                   131
      Proportioning Materials                        141
      Mixing and Depositing                          141
      Compressive, Tensile, and Flexural Strength    143
      Problems                                       143
      References                                     144
    6  Proportioning Structural Concrete Mixtures    146
    with Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans
      Background                                     146
      Procedure                                      148
      Applicability to Lightweight Concrete          157
      Sample Computations                            159
      Conclusions                                    161
      References                                     161
    7  Advances in Concrete Technology               162
      Admixtures                                     162
      Mineral Admixtures                             165
      High-Strength Concrete                         166
      Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites       170
      Waste and By-Products Use in Concrete          178
      Problems                                       180
      References                                     181
    8  Timber                                        182
      Classes of Trees                               182
      Wood Structure                                 183
      Physical Characteristics of Wood               185
      Mechanical Properties of Timber                189
      Decay, Durability, and Preservation of         194
      Timber
      Problems                                       199
      References                                     200
    9  Asphalt Cements                               202
      Asphalt Cements                                202
      Methods of Testing                             205
      Modifications of Asphalt Cements               208
      Road Tars                                      210
      Proportioning Asphaltic Mixes                  212
      Problems                                       217
      References                                     219
    10  Metallic State                               220
      Crystalline Nature of Metals                   220
      Mechanical Behavior of Metals                  227
      Testing and Evaluation of Metals               231
      Problems                                       238
      References                                     238
    11  Ferrous Metals                               239
      General                                        239
      Ferrous Metals                                 241
      Manufacture of Steel                           242
      Structure of Iron and Steel                    254
      Heat Treatments                                256
      Physical Properties of Steels                  263
      Alloy Steels                                   266
      Nonferrous Metals                              268
      Problems                                       268
      References                                     269
    12 Plastics                                      270
      Classification                                 270
      Types of Plastics                              271
      Manufacture of Organic Plastics                278
      Properties of Organic Plastics                 279
      Advanced FRP Composites in Construction        284
      Problems                                       286
      References                                     268
    13  Miscellaneous Materials                      287
      Glass                                          287
      Concrete Block                                 288
      Brick                                          289
      Mortar                                         291
      Shot-crete                                     291
      Problems                                       294
      References                                     294
    14  Design for the Environment                   295
      Introduction                                   295
      The Principle of Sustainable Development       296
      Life Cycle Assessment                          297
      Material Selection                             301
      Material Minimization                          304
      Environmental Quality Standards                307
      Problems                                       308
      References                                     308
    15  Environmental Considerations in              309
    Construction
      Regulatory Issues                              309
      Materials for Construction of Waste            312
      Impoundments
      Contaminated Soils and Remedial Options        314
      References                                     317
  Appendices                                         318
  Soil                                               319
  Aggregate and Concrete                             365
  Wood                                               398
  Asphalt                                            417
  Metal                                              423
  Index                                              465